Annexes

115

ANNEX

User Guide

116

Annex I User Guide

User Guide

As deﬁned in the IPCC Procedures, the Synthesis Report (SYR) synthesises and integrates material contained within IPCC Assessment Reports and

Special Reports. The scope of the SYR of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) includes material contained in the three Working Group contributions

to the AR5, and it draws on information contained in other IPCC Reports as required. The SYR is based exclusively on assessments by the IPCC

Working Groups; it does not refer to or assess the primary scientiﬁc literature itself.

The SYR is a self-contained, condensed summary of the much richer information contained in the underlying Working Group Reports. Users may

wish to access relevant material at the required level of detail in the following manner: the report contains a Summary for Policymakers (SPM)

that provides the most condensed summary of the current understanding of scientiﬁc, technical and socio-economic aspects of climate change.

All references in curly brackets in this SPM refer to sections in the longer report. The longer report consists of an Introduction and four Topics. The

numbers of the SPM sections largely correspond with the section numbers of the Topics. At the end of each paragraph, references are provided in

italics between curly brackets. These refer to the Summaries for Policymakers (SPMs), Technical Summaries (TSs), Executive Summaries of chapters

(ESs) and chapters (with chapter and section numbers) of the underlying Working Group contributions to the AR5 and Special Reports of the AR5.

References to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 are identiﬁed by adding “AR4” to the reference.

Users who wish to gain a better understanding of scientiﬁc details or access the primary scientiﬁc literature on which the SYR is based should

refer to chapter sections of the underlying Working Group reports that are cited in the longer report of the SYR. The individual chapters of the

Working Group reports provide references to the primary scientiﬁc literature on which IPCC assessments are based, and also offer the most

detailed region- and sector-speciﬁc information.

A glossary, a list of acronyms, lists of authors and reviewers, a list of IPCC publications (annexes) and an index are provided to further facilitate

the use of this report.

117

Glossary

Glossary Editors

Katharine J. Mach (USA), Serge Planton (France), Christoph von Stechow (Germany)

Glossary Contributors

Myles R. Allen (United Kingdom), John Broome (United Kingdom), John A. Church (Australia),

Leon Clarke (USA), Piers Forster (United Kingdom), Pierre Friedlingstein (United Kingdom/Belgium),

Jan Fuglestvedt (Norway), Gabriele Hegerl (United Kingdom/Germany), Blanca Jiménez

Cisneros (Mexico/UNESCO), Vladimir Kattsov (Russian Federation), Howard Kunreuther (USA),

Leo Meyer (The Netherlands), Jan Minx (Germany), Yacob Mulugetta (Ethiopia), Karen O’Brien

(Norway), Michael Oppenheimer (USA), Gian-Kasper Plattner (Switzerland), Andy Reisinger

(New Zealand), Robert Scholes (South Africa), Melinda Tignor (Switzerland/USA), Detlef van

Vuuren (The Netherlands)

TSU Facilitation

Noëmie Leprince-Ringuet (France)

This annex should be cited as:

IPCC, 2014: Annex II: Glossary [Mach, K.J., S. Planton and C. von Stechow (eds.)]. In: Cli-

mate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the

Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing

Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 117-130.

ANNEX

118

Annex II Glossary

Abrupt change/abrupt climate change

Abrupt change refers to a change that is substantially faster than the

rate of change in the recent history of the affected components of a

system. Abrupt climate change refers to a large-scale change in the

climate system that takes place over a few decades or less, persists (or

is anticipated to persist) for at least a few decades and causes substan-

tial disruptions in human and natural systems. {WGI, II, III}

Adaptation

The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.

In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or

exploit beneﬁcial opportunities. In some natural systems, human inter-

vention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects

{WGII, III}

Adaptation deﬁcit

The gap between the current state of a system and a state that mini-

mizes adverse impacts from existing climate conditions and variability.

{WGII}

Adaptation limit

The point at which an actor’s objectives (or system needs) cannot be

secured from intolerable risks through adaptive actions. {WGII}

Hard adaptation limit

No adaptive actions are possible to avoid intolerable risks.

Soft adaptation limit

Options are currently not available to avoid intolerable risks

through adaptive action.

Adaptive capacity

The ability of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to

adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to

respond to consequences

. {WGII, III}

Adverse side effects

The negative effects that a policy or measure aimed at one objec-

tive might have on other objectives, irrespective of the net effect

on overall social welfare. Adverse side effects are often subject to

uncertainty and depend on local circumstances and implementa-

tion practices, among other factors. See also Co-beneﬁts and Risk.

{WGIII}

Afforestation

Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained

forests. For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as

afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the IPCC Special

Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000b).

See also information provided by the United Nations Framework Con-

vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2013) and the report on Deﬁni-

tions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct

Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other

Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003). {WGI, III}

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU and FOLU/

LULUCF)

AFOLU plays a central role for food security and sustainable devel-

opment. The main mitigation options within AFOLU involve one or

more of three strategies: prevention of emissions to the atmosphere by

conserving existing carbon pools in soils or vegetation or by reducing

emissions of methane and nitrous oxide; sequestration—increasing

the size of existing carbon pools and thereby extracting carbon dioxide

(CO

) from the atmosphere; and substitution—substituting biological

products for fossil fuels or energy-intensive products, thereby reduc-

ing CO

emissions. Demand-side measures (e.g., reducing losses and

wastes of food, changes in human diet, or changes in wood consump-

tion) may also play a role.

FOLU (Forestry and Other Land Use)—also referred to as LULUCF

(Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry)—is the subset of AFOLU

emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (GHGs) resulting from

direct human-induced land use, land-use change, and forestry activi-

ties excluding agricultural emissions. {WGIII}

Albedo

The fraction of solar radiation reﬂected by a surface or object, often

expressed as a percentage. Snow-covered surfaces have a high albedo,

the albedo of soils ranges from high to low and vegetation-covered

surfaces and oceans have a low albedo. The Earth’s planetary albedo

varies mainly through varying cloudiness, snow, ice, leaf area and land

cover changes. {WGI, III}

Altimetry

A technique for measuring the height of the Earth’s surface with

respect to the geocentre of the Earth within a deﬁned terrestrial refer-

ence frame (geocentric sea level). {WGI}

Ancillary beneﬁts

See Co-beneﬁts. {WGII, III}

Attribution

See Detection and attribution. {WGI, II}.

Baseline/reference

The baseline (or reference) is the state against which change is meas-

ured. A baseline period is the period relative to which anomalies are

computed. In the context of transformation pathways, the term baseline

This glossary deﬁnes some speciﬁc terms as the Core Writing

Team of the Synthesis Report intends them to be interpreted

in the context of this report. Red, italicized words indicate

that the term is deﬁned in the glossary. The references to

Working Groups (WG) I, II and III in italics at the end of each

term in this glossary refer to the AR5 WG glossaries and

should be read as: WGI (IPCC, 2013a), WGII (IPCC, 2014a),

and WGIII (IPCC, 2014b).

Reﬂecting progress in science, this glossary entry differs in breadth and focus from the entry used in the Fourth Assessment Report and other IPCC reports.

This glossary entry builds from deﬁnitions used in previous IPCC reports and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005).

119

Glossary Annex II

scenarios refers to scenarios that are based on the assumption that no

mitigation policies or measures will be implemented beyond those that

are already in force and/or are legislated or planned to be adopted.

Baseline scenarios are not intended to be predictions of the future,

but rather counterfactual constructions that can serve to highlight the

level of emissions that would occur without further policy effort. Typ-

ically, baseline scenarios are then compared to mitigation scenarios

that are constructed to meet different goals for greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions, atmospheric concentrations or temperature change. The

term baseline scenario is used interchangeably with reference scenario

and no policy scenario. In much of the literature the term is also synon-

ymous with the term business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, although the

term BAU has fallen out of favour because the idea of business as

usual in century-long socio-economic projections is hard to fathom.

See also Emission scenario, Representative Concentration Pathways

(RCPs) and SRES scenarios. {WGI, II, III}

Biodiversity

The variability among living organisms from terrestrial, marine and

other ecosystems. Biodiversity includes variability at the genetic, spe-

cies and ecosystem levels

. {WGII, III}

Bioenergy and Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (BECCS)

The application of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) technol-

ogy to bioenergy conversion processes. Depending on the total life-

cycle emissions, including total marginal consequential effects (from

indirect land-use change (iLUC) and other processes), BECCS has the

potential for net carbon dioxide (CO

) removal from the atmosphere.

See also Climate model. {WGI, II}

Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a functional unit consisting of living organisms, their

non-living environment and the interactions within and between them.

The components included in a given ecosystem and its spatial boun-

daries depend on the purpose for which the ecosystem is deﬁned: in

some cases they are relatively sharp, while in others they are diffuse.

Ecosystem boundaries can change over time. Ecosystems are nested

within other ecosystems and their scale can range from very small to

the entire biosphere. In the current era, most ecosystems either contain

people as key organisms, or are inﬂuenced by the effects of human

activities in their environment. {WGI, II, III}

Ecosystem services

Ecological processes or functions having monetary or non-monetary

value to individuals or society at large. These are frequently classiﬁed

as (1) supporting services such as productivity or biodiversity mainte-

nance, (2) provisioning services such as food, ﬁber or ﬁsh, (3) regulat-

ing services such as climate regulation or carbon sequestration and (4)

cultural services such as tourism or spiritual and aesthetic apprecia-

tion. {WGII, III}

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

The term El Niño was initially used to describe a warm-water current

that periodically ﬂows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, disrupt-

ing the local ﬁshery. It has since become identiﬁed with a basin-wide

warming of the tropical Paciﬁc Ocean east of the dateline. This oceanic

event is associated with a ﬂuctuation of a global-scale tropical and

subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation.

This coupled atmosphere–ocean phenomenon, with preferred time

scales of two to about seven years, is known as the El Niño-Southern

Oscillation (ENSO). It is often measured by the surface pressure anom-

aly difference between Tahiti and Darwin or the sea surface temper-

atures in the central and eastern equatorial Paciﬁc. During an ENSO

event, the prevailing trade winds weaken, reducing upwelling and

altering ocean currents such that the sea surface temperatures warm,

further weakening the trade winds. This event has a great impact on

the wind, sea surface temperature and precipitation patterns in the

tropical Paciﬁc. It has climatic effects throughout the Paciﬁc region and

in many other parts of the world, through global teleconnections. The

cold phase of ENSO is called La Niña. For the corresponding indices, see

WGI AR5 Box 2.5. {WGI, II}

Emission scenario

A plausible representation of the future development of emissions of

substances that are potentially radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse

gases (GHGs), aerosols) based on a coherent and internally consist-

ent set of assumptions about driving forces (such as demographic and

socio-economic development, technological change, energy and land

use) and their key relationships. Concentration scenarios, derived from

emission scenarios, are used as input to a climate model to compute

climate projections. In IPCC (1992) a set of emission scenarios was pre-

sented which were used as a basis for the climate projections in IPCC

(1996). These emission scenarios are referred to as the IS92 scenarios.

In the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC, 2000a) emis-

sion scenarios, the so-called SRES scenarios, were published, some of

This glossary entry builds from the deﬁnitions used in UNISDR (2009) and IPCC (2012a).

123

Glossary Annex II

which were used, among others, as a basis for the climate projections

presented in Chapters 9 to 11 of IPCC WGI TAR (IPCC, 2001a) and

Chapters 10 and 11 of IPCC WGI AR4 (IPCC, 2007) as well as in the

IPCC WGI AR5 (IPCC, 2013b). New emission scenarios for climate

change, the four Representative Concentration Pathways, were devel-

oped for, but independently of, the present IPCC assessment. See also

Baseline/reference, Mitigation scenario and Transformation pathway.

{WGI, II, III}

Energy access

Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy services for cooking

and heating, lighting, communications and productive uses (AGECC,

2010). {WGIII}

Energy intensity

The ratio of energy use to economic or physical output. {WGIII}

Energy security

The goal of a given country, or the global community as a whole, to

maintain an adequate, stable and predictable energy supply. Measures

encompass safeguarding the sufﬁciency of energy resources to meet

national energy demand at competitive and stable prices and the resil-

ience of the energy supply; enabling development and deployment of

technologies; building sufﬁcient infrastructure to generate, store and

transmit energy supplies and ensuring enforceable contracts of deliv-

ery. {WGIII}

Ensemble

A collection of model simulations characterizing a climate prediction

or projection. Differences in initial conditions and model formulation

result in different evolutions of the modeled system and may give

information on uncertainty associated with model error and error in

initial conditions in the case of climate forecasts and on uncertainty

associated with model error and with internally generated climate var-

iability in the case of climate projections. {WGI, II}

Equilibrium climate sensitivity

See Climate sensitivity. {WGI}

Eutrophication

Over-enrichment of water by nutrients such as nitrogen and phospho-

rus. It is one of the leading causes of water quality impairment. The

two most acute symptoms of eutrophication are hypoxia (or oxygen

depletion) and harmful algal blooms. {WGII}

Exposure

The presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environ-

mental functions, services, and resources, infrastructure, or economic,

social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely

affected. {WGII}

External forcing

External forcing refers to a forcing agent outside the climate system

causing a change in the climate system. Volcanic eruptions, solar var-

iations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmos-

phere and land-use change are external forcings. Orbital forcing is also

an external forcing as the insolation changes with orbital parameters

eccentricity, tilt and precession of the equinox. {WGI, II}

Extreme weather event

An extreme weather event is an event that is rare at a particular place

and time of year. Deﬁnitions of rare vary, but an extreme weather event

would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile

of a probability density function estimated from observations. By deﬁ-

nition, the characteristics of what is called extreme weather may vary

from place to place in an absolute sense. When a pattern of extreme

weather persists for some time, such as a season, it may be classed as

an extreme climate event, especially if it yields an average or total that

is itself extreme (e.g., drought or heavy rainfall over a season). {WGI, II}

Feedback

See Climate feedback. {WGI, II}

Flood

The overﬂowing of the normal conﬁnes of a stream or other body of water,

or the accumulation of water over areas not normally submerged. Floods

include river (ﬂuvial) ﬂoods, ﬂash ﬂoods, urban ﬂoods, pluvial ﬂoods,

sewer ﬂoods, coastal ﬂoods and glacial lake outburst ﬂoods. {WGII}

Food security

A state that prevails when people have secure access to sufﬁcient

amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth, development

and an active and healthy life. {WGII, III}

Forest

A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many deﬁnitions of the term

forest are in use throughout the world, reﬂecting wide differences in

biogeophysical conditions, social structure and economics. For a dis-

cussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation,

reforestation and deforestation, see the IPCC Special Report on Land

Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000b). See also informa-

tion provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC, 2013) and the Report on Deﬁnitions and Method-

ological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced

Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types

(IPCC, 2003). {WGI, III}

Fuel poverty

A condition in which a household is unable to guarantee a certain level

of consumption of domestic energy services (especially heating) or

suffers disproportionate expenditure burdens to meet these needs.

{WGIII}

Geoengineering

Geoengineering refers to a broad set of methods and technologies that

aim to deliberately alter the climate system in order to alleviate the

impacts of climate change. Most, but not all, methods seek to either

(1) reduce the amount of absorbed solar energy in the climate system

(Solar Radiation Management) or (2) increase net carbon sinks from

the atmosphere at a scale sufﬁciently large to alter climate (Carbon

Dioxide Removal). Scale and intent are of central importance. Two key

characteristics of geoengineering methods of particular concern are

that they use or affect the climate system (e.g., atmosphere, land or

ocean) globally or regionally and/or could have substantive unintended

effects that cross national boundaries. Geoengineering is different

from weather modiﬁcation and ecological engineering, but the bound-

ary can be fuzzy (IPCC, 2012b, p. 2). {WGI, II, III}

124

Annex II Glossary

Global climate model (also referred to as general circulation

model, both abbreviated as GCM)

See Climate model. {WGI, II}

Global Temperature change Potential (GTP)

An index measuring the change in global mean surface temperature at

a chosen point in time following an emission of a unit mass of a given

substance, relative to that of the reference substance, carbon dioxide

(CO

). The Global Temperature change Potential (GTP) thus represents

the combined effect of the differing times these substances remain in

the atmosphere, their effectiveness in causing radiative forcing and

the response of the climate system. The GTP has been deﬁned in two

different ways:

• Fixed GTP: based on a ﬁxed time horizon in the future (such

as GTP

100

for a time horizon of 100 years)

• Dynamic GTP: based on a target year (such as the year when

global mean temperature is expected to reach a target

level). In the dynamic GTP, the time horizon reduces over time

as the target year is approached and hence the GTP value

changes for emissions occurring further in the future. {WGI

Chapter 8}

Global warming

Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected,

in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative

forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions. {WGIII}

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

An index measuring the radiative forcing following an emission of a

unit mass of a given substance, accumulated over a chosen time hori-

zon, relative to that of the reference substance, carbon dioxide (CO

The GWP thus represents the combined effect of the differing times

these substances remain in the atmosphere and their effectiveness in

causing radiative forcing. (WGI, III}

Hazard

The potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event

or trend or physical impact that may cause loss of life, injury, or other

health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure,

livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems and environmental resources.

In this report, the term hazard usually refers to climate-related physical

events or trends or their physical impacts. {WGII}

Heat wave

A period of abnormally and uncomfortably hot weather. {WGI, II}

Hydrological cycle

The cycle in which water evaporates from the oceans and the land

surface, is carried over the Earth in atmospheric circulation as water

vapour, condenses to form clouds, precipitates over ocean and land as

rain or snow, which on land can be intercepted by trees and vegeta-

tion, provides runoff on the land surface, inﬁltrates into soils, recharg-

es groundwater, discharges into streams and ultimately ﬂows out into

the oceans, from which it will eventually evaporate again. The various

systems involved in the hydrological cycle are usually referred to as

hydrological systems. {WGI, II}

Impacts (consequences, outcomes)

Effects on natural and human systems. In this report, the term impacts

is used primarily to refer to the effects on natural and human systems

of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. Impacts

generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, econo-

mies, societies, cultures, services and infrastructure due to the interaction

of climate changes or hazardous climate events occurring within a spe-

ciﬁc time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system.

Impacts are also referred to as consequences and outcomes. The impacts

of climate change on geophysical systems, including ﬂoods, droughts

and sea level rise, are a subset of impacts called physical impacts. {WGII}

Indirect emissions

Emissions that are a consequence of the activities within well-deﬁned

boundaries of, for instance, a region, an economic sector, a company

or process, but which occur outside the speciﬁed boundaries. For

example, emissions are described as indirect if they relate to the use of

heat but physically arise outside the boundaries of the heat user, or to

electricity production but physically arise outside of the boundaries of

the power supply sector. {WGIII}

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth with far-reaching social and eco-

nomic consequences, beginning in Britain during the second half of

the 18th century and spreading to Europe and later to other countries

including the United States. The invention of the steam engine was an

important trigger of this development. The industrial revolution marks

the beginning of a strong increase in the use of fossil fuels and emis-

sion of, in particular, fossil carbon dioxide (CO

). In this report the terms

pre-industrial and industrial refer, somewhat arbitrarily, to the periods

before and after 1750, respectively. {WGI, II, III}

Integrated assessment

A method of analysis that combines results and models from the

physical, biological, economic and social sciences and the interactions

among these components in a consistent framework to evaluate the

status and the consequences of environmental change and the policy

responses to it. See also Integrated models. {WGII, III}

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

An integrated approach for sustainably managing coastal areas, taking

into account all coastal habitats and uses. {WGII}

Integrated models

Integrated models explore the interactions between multiple sectors

of the economy or components of particular systems, such as the

energy system. In the context of transformation pathways, they refer to

models that, at a minimum, include full and disaggregated representa-

tions of the energy system and its linkage to the overall economy that

will allow for consideration of interactions among different elements

of that system. Integrated models may also include representations of

the full economy, land use and land-use change (LUC) and the climate

system. See also Integrated assessment. {WGIII}

Internal variability

See Climate variability. {WGI}

125

Glossary Annex II

Irreversibility

A perturbed state of a dynamical system is deﬁned as irreversible on a

given timescale, if the recovery timescale from this state due to natural

processes is substantially longer than the time it takes for the system to

reach this perturbed state. In the context of this report, the time scale

of interest is centennial to millennial. See also Tipping point. {WGI}

Land use and land-use change

Land use refers to the total of arrangements, activities and inputs

undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). The

term land use is also used in the sense of the social and economic

purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing, timber extraction

and conservation). In urban settlements it is related to land uses within

cities and their hinterlands. Urban land use has implications on city

management, structure and form and thus on energy demand, green-

house gas (GHG) emissions and mobility, among other aspects. {WGI,

II, III}

Land-use change (LUC)

Land-use change refers to a change in the use or management of

land by humans, which may lead to a change in land cover. Land

cover and land-use change may have an impact on the surface

albedo, evapotranspiration, sources and sinks of greenhouse gases

(GHGs), or other properties of the climate system and may thus give

rise to radiative forcing and/or other impacts on climate, locally or

globally. See also the IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use

Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000b).

Indirect land-use change (iLUC)

Indirect land-use change refers to shifts in land use induced by a

change in the production level of an agricultural product elsewhere,

often mediated by markets or driven by policies. For example, if

agricultural land is diverted to fuel production, forest clearance may

occur elsewhere to replace the former agricultural production. See

also Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), Afforesta-

tion, Deforestation and Reforestation.

Leakage

Phenomena whereby the reduction in emissions (relative to a baseline)

in a jurisdiction/sector associated with the implementation of mitiga-

tion policy is offset to some degree by an increase outside the juris-

diction/sector through induced changes in consumption, production,

prices, land use and/or trade across the jurisdictions/sectors. Leakage

can occur at a number of levels, be it a project, state, province, nation

or world region.

In the context of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), CO

leakage refers to the escape of injected carbon dioxide (CO

) from the

storage location and eventual release to the atmosphere. In the con-

text of other substances, the term is used more generically, such as

for methane (CH

) leakage (e.g., from fossil fuel extraction activities)

and hydroﬂuorocarbon (HFC) leakage (e.g., from refrigeration and air-

conditioning systems). {WGIII}

Likelihood

The chance of a speciﬁc outcome occurring, where this might be esti-

mated probabilistically. Likelihood is expressed in this report using a

standard terminology (Mastrandrea et al., 2010), deﬁned in WGI AR5

Table 1.2 and WGII AR5 Box 1-1. See also Conﬁdence and Uncertainty.

{WGI, II, III}

Lock-in

Lock-in occurs when a market is stuck with a standard even though

participants would be better off with an alternative. In this report,

lock-in is used more broadly as path dependence, which is the generic

situation where decisions, events or outcomes at one point in time

constrain adaptation, mitigation or other actions or options at a later

point in time. {WGII, III}

Low regrets policy

A policy that would generate net social and/or economic beneﬁts under

current climate and a range of future climate change scenarios. {WGII}

Marine-based icesheet

An ice sheet containing a substantial region that rests on a bed lying

below sea level and whose perimeter is in contact with the ocean. The

best known example is the West Antarctic ice sheet. {WGI}

Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC)

Meridional (north–south) overturning circulation in the ocean quanti-

ﬁed by zonal (east–west) sums of mass transports in depth or density

layers. In the North Atlantic, away from the subpolar regions, the MOC

(which is in principle an observable quantity) is often identiﬁed with

the thermohaline circulation (THC), which is a conceptual and incom-

plete interpretation. It must be borne in mind that the MOC is also

driven by wind and can also include shallower overturning cells such as

occur in the upper ocean in the tropics and subtropics, in which warm

(light) waters moving poleward are transformed to slightly denser

waters and subducted equatorward at deeper levels. {WGI, II}

Mitigation (of climate change)

A human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of

greenhouse gases (GHGs). This report also assesses human interven-

tions to reduce the sources of other substances which may contribute

directly or indirectly to limiting climate change, including, for example,

the reduction of particulate matter emissions that can directly alter

the radiation balance (e.g., black carbon) or measures that control

emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, Volatile Organic Com-

pounds and other pollutants that can alter the concentration of tropo-

spheric ozone which has an indirect effect on the climate. {WGI, II, III}

Mitigation scenario

A plausible description of the future that describes how the (studied)

system responds to the implementation of mitigation policies and

measures. See also Baseline/reference, Emission scenario, Represent-

ative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), SRES scenarios and Transforma-

tion pathway. {WGIII}

Net negative emissions

A situation of net negative emissions is achieved when, as result of

human activities, more greenhouse gases (GHGs) are sequestered or

stored than are released into the atmosphere. {SYR Box 2.2, footnote 29}

Ocean acidiﬁcation

Ocean acidiﬁcation refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an

extended period, typically decades or longer, which is caused primarily

126

Annex II Glossary

by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO

) from the atmosphere, but can also

be caused by other chemical additions or subtractions from the ocean.

Anthropogenic ocean acidiﬁcation refers to the component of pH

reduction that is caused by human activity (IPCC, 2011, p. 37). {WGI, II}

Overshoot pathways

Emissions, concentration or temperature pathways in which the metric

of interest temporarily exceeds, or overshoots the long-term goal.

{WGIII}

Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ)

The midwater layer (200–1000 m) in the open ocean in which oxygen

saturation is the lowest in the ocean. The degree of oxygen depletion

depends on the largely bacterial consumption of organic matter and

the distribution of the OMZs is inﬂuenced by large-scale ocean circula-

tion. In coastal oceans, OMZs extend to the shelves and may also affect

benthic ecosystems. {WGII}

Permafrost

Ground (soil or rock and included ice and organic material) that

remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years. {WGI, II}

pH is a dimensionless measure of the acidity of water (or any solution)

given by its concentration of hydrogen ions (H

). pH is measured on

a logarithmic scale where pH = –log

). Thus, a pH decrease of

1 unit corresponds to a 10-fold increase in the concentration of H

, or

acidity. {WGI}

Poverty

Poverty is a complex concept with several deﬁnitions stemming from

different schools of thought. It can refer to material circumstances

(such as need, pattern of deprivation or limited resources), economic

conditions (such as standard of living, inequality or economic position)

and/or social relationships (such as social class, dependency, exclusion,

lack of basic security or lack of entitlement). {WGII}

Pre-industrial

See Industrial Revolution. {WGI, II, III}

Private costs

Private costs are carried by individuals, companies or other private

entities that undertake an action, whereas social costs include addi-

tionally the external costs on the environment and on society as a

whole. Quantitative estimates of both private and social costs may be

incomplete, because of difﬁculties in measuring all relevant effects.

{WGIII}

Projection

A projection is a potential future evolution of a quantity or set of

quantities, often computed with the aid of a model. Unlike predictions,

projections are conditional on assumptions concerning, for example,

future socio-economic and technological developments that may or

may not be realized. See also Climate projection. {WGI, II}

Radiative forcing

The strength of drivers is quantiﬁed as Radiative Forcing (RF) in units

watts per square meter (W/m

) as in previous IPCC assessments. RF is

the change in energy ﬂux caused by a driver and is calculated at the

tropopause or at the top of the atmosphere. {WGI}

Reasons For Concern (RFCs)

Elements of a classiﬁcation framework, ﬁrst developed in the IPCC

Third Assessment Report (IPCC, 2001b), which aims to facilitate judg-

ments about what level of climate change may be dangerous (in the

language of Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC)) by aggregating impacts, risks and vulner-

abilities. {WGII}

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

(REDD)

An effort to create ﬁnancial value for the carbon stored in forests,

offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from

forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable devel-

opment (SD). It is therefore a mechanism for mitigation that results

from avoiding deforestation. REDD+ goes beyond reforestation and

forest degradation and includes the role of conservation, sustainable

management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. The

concept was ﬁrst introduced in 2005 in the 11th Session of the Con-

ference of the Parties (COP) in Montreal and later given greater recog-

nition in the 13th Session of the COP in 2007 at Bali and inclusion in

the Bali Action Plan which called for ‘policy approaches and positive

incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation

and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) and the role of

conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of

forest carbon stock in developing countries’. Since then, support for

REDD has increased and has slowly become a framework for action

supported by a number of countries. {WGIII}

Reforestation

Planting of forests on lands that have previously contained forests

but that have been converted to some other use. For a discussion of

the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, reforestation

and deforestation, see the IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use

Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000b). See also information provided

by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC, 2013). See also the Report on Deﬁnitions and Methodolog-

ical Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Deg-

radation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC,

2003). {WGI, II, III}

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

Scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations

of the full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and

chemically active gases, as well as land use/land cover (Moss et al.,

2008). The word representative signiﬁes that each RCP provides

only one of many possible scenarios that would lead to the speciﬁc

radiative forcing characteristics. The term pathway emphasizes that

not only the long-term concentration levels are of interest, but also

the trajectory taken over time to reach that outcome (Moss et al.,

2010).

RCPs usually refer to the portion of the concentration pathway extend-

ing up to 2100, for which Integrated Assessment Models produced

corresponding emission scenarios. Extended Concentration Pathways

(ECPs) describe extensions of the RCPs from 2100 to 2500 that were

127

Glossary Annex II

calculated using simple rules generated by stakeholder consultations

and do not represent fully consistent scenarios.

Four RCPs produced from Integrated Assessment Models were selected

from the published literature and are used in the present IPCC Assess-

ment as a basis for the climate predictions and projections presented

in WGI AR5 Chapters 11 to 14 (IPCC, 2013b):

RCP2.6

One pathway where radiative forcing peaks at approximately

3 W/m

before 2100 and then declines (the corresponding ECP

assuming constant emissions after 2100).

RCP4.5 and RCP6.0

Two intermediate stabilization pathways in which radiative forcing

is stabilized at approximately 4.5 W/m

and 6.0 W/m

after 2100 (the

corresponding ECPs assuming constant concentrations after 2150).

RCP8.5

One high pathway for which radiative forcing reaches >8.5 W/m

by 2100 and continues to rise for some amount of time (the corre-

sponding ECP assuming constant emissions after 2100 and con-

stant concentrations after 2250).

For further description of future scenarios, see WGI AR5 Box 1.1. See

also van Vuuren et al., 2011. {WGI, II, III}

Resilience

The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope

with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reor-

ganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and

structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning

and transformation

. {WGII, III}

Risk

The potential for consequences where something of value is at stake

and where the outcome is uncertain, recognizing the diversity of values.

Risk is often represented as probability or likelihood of occurrence of

hazardous events or trends multiplied by the impacts if these events

or trends occur. In this report, the term risk is often used to refer to the

potential, when the outcome is uncertain, for adverse consequences on

lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems and species, economic, social and

cultural assets, services (including environmental services) and infra-

structure. {WGII, III}

Risk management

The plans, actions or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or conse-

quences of risks or to respond to consequences. {WGII}

Sequestration

The uptake (i.e., the addition of a substance of concern to a reservoir)

of carbon containing substances, in particular carbon dioxide (CO

), in

terrestrial or marine reservoirs. Biological sequestration includes direct

removal of CO

from the atmosphere through land-use change (LUC),

afforestation, reforestation, revegetation, carbon storage in landﬁlls

and practices that enhance soil carbon in agriculture (cropland man-

agement, grazing land management). In parts of the literature, but not

in this report, (carbon) sequestration is used to refer to Carbon Dioxide

Capture and Storage (CCS). {WGIII}

Sink

Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas

(GHG), an aerosol or a precursor of a GHG or aerosol from the atmos-

phere. {WGI, II, III}

Social cost of carbon

The net present value of climate damages (with harmful damages

expressed as a positive number) from one more tonne of carbon in

the form of carbon dioxide (CO

), conditional on a global emissions

trajectory over time. {WGII, III}

Social costs

See Private costs. {WGIII}

Solar Radiation Management (SRM)

Solar Radiation Management refers to the intentional modiﬁcation of

the Earth’s shortwave radiative budget with the aim to reduce climate

change according to a given metric (e.g., surface temperature, pre-

cipitation, regional impacts, etc.). Artiﬁcial injection of stratospheric

aerosols and cloud brightening are two examples of SRM techniques.

Methods to modify some fast-responding elements of the long wave

radiative budget (such as cirrus clouds), although not strictly speaking

SRM, can be related to SRM. SRM techniques do not fall within the

usual deﬁnitions of mitigation and adaptation (IPCC, 2012b, p. 2). See

also Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Geoengineering. {WGI, III}

SRES scenarios

SRES scenarios are emission scenarios developed by IPCC (2000a) and

used, among others, as a basis for some of the climate projections

shown in Chapters 9 to 11 of IPCC WGI TAR (IPCC, 2001a), Chapters 10

and 11 of IPCC WGI AR4 (IPCC, 2007), as well as in the IPCC WGI AR5

(IPCC, 2013b). {WGI, II, III}

Storm surge

The temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea

due to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pressure

and/or strong winds). The storm surge is deﬁned as being the excess

above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at that time

and place. {WGI, II}

Structural change

Changes, for example, in the relative share of gross domestic product

(GDP) produced by the industrial, agricultural, or services sectors of an

economy, or more generally, systems transformations whereby some

components are either replaced or potentially substituted by other

components. {WGIII}

Sustainability

A dynamic process that guarantees the persistence of natural and

human systems in an equitable manner. {WGII, III}

This deﬁnition builds from the deﬁnition used in Arctic Council (2013).

128

Annex II Glossary

Sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromis-

ing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED,

1987). {WGII, III}

Thermal expansion

In connection with sea level, this refers to the increase in volume (and

decrease in density) that results from warming water. A warming of

the ocean leads to an expansion of the ocean volume and hence an

increase in sea level. {WGI, II}

Tipping point

A level of change in system properties beyond which a system reorgan-

izes, often abruptly, and does not return to the initial state even if the

drivers of the change are abated. For the climate system, it refers to a

critical threshold when global or regional climate changes from one

stable state to another stable state. The tipping point event may be

irreversible. See also Irreversibility. {WGI, II, III}

Transformation

A change in the fundamental attributes of natural and human systems.

{WGII}

Transformation pathway

The trajectory taken over time to meet different goals for greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions, atmospheric concentrations, or global mean sur-

face temperature change that implies a set of economic, technologi-

cal and behavioural changes. This can encompass changes in the way

energy and infrastructure are used and produced, natural resources

are managed and institutions are set up and in the pace and direction

of technological change (TC). See also Baseline/reference, Emission

scenario, Mitigation scenario, Representative Concentration Pathways

(RCPs) and SRES scenarios. {WGIII}

Transient Climate Response to Cumulative CO

Emissions (TCRE)

The transient global average surface temperature change per unit

cumulated CO

emissions, usually 1000 PgC. TCRE combines both

information on the airborne fraction of cumulated CO

emissions (the

fraction of the total CO

emitted that remains in the atmosphere) and

on the transient climate response (TCR). {WGI}

Uncertainty

A state of incomplete knowledge that can result from a lack of infor-

mation or from disagreement about what is known or even knowable.

It may have many types of sources, from imprecision in the data to

ambiguously deﬁned concepts or terminology, or uncertain projec-

tions of human behaviour. Uncertainty can therefore be represented by

quantitative measures (e.g., a probability density function) or by qual-

itative statements (e.g., reﬂecting the judgment of a team of experts)

(see Moss and Schneider, 2000; Manning et al., 2004; Mastrandrea et

al., 2010). See also Conﬁdence and Likelihood. {WGI, II, III}

Vulnerability

The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability

encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity

or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt. {WGII}

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131

ANNEX

III

Acronyms, Chemical Symbols

and Scientiﬁc Units

132

III

Annex III Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Scientiﬁc Units

μatm Microatmosphere

AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

AMOC Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

AR4 Fourth Assessment Report

AR5 Fifth Assessment Report

BAT Best Available Technique

BAU Business As Usual

BECCS Bioenergy with Carbon Dioxide

Capture and Storage

CCS Carbon Capture and Storage

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CDR Carbon Dioxide Removal

Perﬂuoromethane

Methane

CHP

Combined Heat and Power

CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5

Carbon Dioxide

-eq Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

CSP Concentrating Solar Power

DC Developing Country

ECS Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity

EDGAR Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research

EJ Exajoule

EMIC Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity

ENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation

ES Executive Summary

ESM Earth System Model

ETS Emissions Trading System

F-gases Fluorinated gases

FAQ Frequently Asked Question

FAR First Assessment Report

FIT Feed-in Tariff

FOLU Forestry and Other Land Use

GCM Global Climate Model

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GMI Global Methane Initiative

Gt Gigatonnes

GTP Global Temperature change Potential

GWP Global Warming Potential

Hydrogen

HadCRUT4 Hadley Centre Climatic Research

Unit Gridded Surface Temperature Data Set 4

HDV Heavy-Duty Vehicles

HFC Hydroﬂuorocarbon

HFC-152a Hydroﬂuorocarbon-152a,

Diﬂuoroethane

IAM Integrated Assessment Model

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IMO International Maritime Organization

IO International Organization

LDV Light-Duty Vehicles

LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

MAGICC Model for the Assessment of

Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate Change

MEF Major Economies Forum

MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Veriﬁcation

O Nitrous Oxide

NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action

NAP National Adaptation Plan

NAPA National Adaptation Programmes of Action

133

Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Scientiﬁc Units Annex III

III

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

Oxygen

OA Ocean Acidiﬁcation

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development

PFC Perﬂuorocarbon

ppb parts per billion

ppm parts per million

PV Photovoltaic

R&D Research and Development

RCP Representative Concentration Pathway

RE Renewable Energy

REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation

and Forest Degradation

REEEP Renewable Energy and Energy Efﬁciency Partnership

RES Renewable Energy System

RFC Reason For Concern

RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard

SAR Second Assessment Report

SM Supplementary Material

Sulfur Dioxide

SPM Summary for Policymakers

SRES Special Report on Emissions Scenarios

SREX Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme

Events and Disasters to Advance

Climate Change Adaptation

SRM Solar Radiation Management

SRREN Special Report on Renewable Energy

Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

SYR Synthesis Report

TCR Transient Climate Response

TCRE Transient Climate Response to Cumulative

Emissions

TFE Thematic Focus Element

TS Technical Summary

UHI Urban Heat Island

UNFCCC United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change

W Watt

WG Working Group

WMGHG Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gas

135

Authors and Review Editors

ANNEX

136

Annex IV Authors and Review Editors

Core Writing Team Members

ALLEN, Myles R.

University of Oxford

BARROS, Vicente R.

IPCC WGII Co-Chair

University of Buenos Aires

Argentina

BROOME, John

University of Oxford

CHRIST, Renate

Secretary of the IPCC

IPCC Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

Switzerland

CHURCH, John A.

Commonwealth Scientiﬁc and Industrial

Research Organisation (CSIRO)

Australia

CLARKE, Leon

Paciﬁc Northwest National Laboratory

USA

CRAMER, Wolfgang

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research / Institut

Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale

(IMBE)

Germany/France

DASGUPTA, Purnamita

University of Delhi Enclave

India

DUBASH, Navroz

Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi

India

EDENHOFER, Ottmar

IPCC WGIII Co-Chair

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

Germany

ELGIZOULI, Ismail

IPCC Vice-Chair

Sudan

FIELD, Christopher B.

IPCC WGII Co-Chair

Carnegie Institution for Science

USA

FORSTER, Piers

University of Leeds

FRIEDLINGSTEIN, Pierre

University of Exeter

FUGLESTVEDT, Jan

Center for International Climate and

Environmental Research (CICERO)

Norway

GOMEZ-ECHEVERRI, Luis

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Austria

HALLEGATTE, Stephane

World Bank

USA

HEGERL, Gabriele C.

University of Edinburgh

HOWDEN, Mark

Commonwealth Scientiﬁc and Industrial

Research Organisation (CSIRO)

Australia

JIMÉNEZ CISNEROS, Blanca

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / United

Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Mexico/France

KATTSOV, Vladimir

Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory

Russian Federation

KEJUN, Jiang

Energy Research Institute

China

LEE, Hoesung

IPCC Vice-Chair

Keimyung University

Republic of Korea

MACH, Katharine J.

IPCC WGII Technical Support Unit

USA

MAROTZKE, Jochem

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology

Germany

137

Authors and Review Editors Annex IV

MASTRANDREA, Michael D.

IPCC WGII Technical Support Unit

USA

MEYER, Leo

IPCC Synthesis Report Technical Support Unit

The Netherlands

MINX, Jan

IPCC WGIII Technical Support Unit

Germany

MULUGETTA, Yacob

University of Surrey

O’BRIEN, Karen

University of Oslo

Norway

OPPENHEIMER, Michael

Princeton University

USA

PACHAURI, R. K.

IPCC Chair

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

India

PEREIRA, Joy J.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Malaysia

PICHS-MADRUGA, Ramón

IPCC WGIII Co-Chair

Centro de Investigaciones de la Economía Mundial

Cuba

PLATTNER, Gian-Kasper

IPCC WGI Technical Support Unit

Switzerland

PÖRTNER, Hans-Otto

Alfred-Wegener-Institute

Germany

POWER, Scott B.

Bureau of Meteorology

Australia

PRESTON, Benjamin

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

USA

QIN, Dahe

IPCC WGI Co-Chair

China Meteorological Administration

China

RAVINDRANATH, N. H.

Indian Institute of Science

India

REISINGER, Andy

NZ Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre

New Zealand

RIAHI, Keywan

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Austria

RUSTICUCCI, Matilde

Universidad de Buenos Aires

Argentina

SCHOLES, Robert

Council for Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research (CSIR)

South Africa

SEYBOTH, Kristin

IPCC WGIII Technical Support Unit

USA

SOKONA, Youba

IPCC WGIII Co-Chair

South Centre

Switzerland

STAVINS, Robert

Harvard University

USA

STOCKER, Thomas F.

IPCC WGI Co-Chair

University of Bern

Switzerland

TSCHAKERT, Petra

Pennsylvania State University

USA

VAN VUUREN, Detlef

Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL)

The Netherlands

VAN YPERSELE, Jean-Pascal

IPCC Vice-Chair

University of Louvain

Belgium

138

Annex IV Authors and Review Editors

Extended Writing Team Members

BLANCO, Gabriel

Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

Argentina

EBY, Michael

University of Victoria

Canada

EDMONDS, Jae

University of Maryland

USA

FLEURBAEY, Marc

Princeton University

USA

GERLAGH, Reyer

Tilburg University

The Netherlands

KARTHA, Sivan

Stockholm Environment Institute

USA

KUNREUTHER, Howard

The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania

USA

ROGELJ, Joeri

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Austria

SCHAEFFER, Michiel

Wageningen University

Germany/The Netherlands

SEDLÁČEK, Jan

ETH Zurich

Switzerland

SIMS, Ralph

Massey University

New Zealand

ÜRGE-VORSATZ, Diana

Central European University

Hungary

VICTOR, David G.

University of California San Diego

USA

YOHE, Gary

Wesleyan University

USA

Review Editors

ALDUNCE, Paulina

University of Chile

Chile

CHEN, Wenying

Tsinghua University

China

DOWNING, Thomas

Global Climate Adaptation Partnership

JOUSSAUME, Sylvie

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE)

Institut Pierre Simon Laplace

France

KUNDZEWICZ, Zbigniew

Polish Academy of Sciences

Poland

PALUTIKOF, Jean

Grifﬁth University

Australia

SKEA, Jim

Imperial College London

TANAKA, Kanako

Japan Science and Technology Agency

Japan

TANGANG, Fredolin

National University of Malaysia

Malaysia

ZHANG, Xiao-Ye

China Meteorological Administration

China

139

Expert Reviewers

ANNEX

140

Annex V Expert Reviewers

AKIMOTO, Keigo

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth

Japan

ALCAMO, Joseph

University of Kassel

Germany

ALEXANDER, Lisa V.

University of New South Wales

Australia

AMESZ, Bert

The Netherlands

ARAKI, Makoto

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute

Japan

ARROYO CURRÁS, Tabaré

WWF International

Mexico

BINDOFF, Nathaniel L.

University of Tasmania

Australia

BORGES LANDÁEZ, Pedro Alfredo

Ministry of Science and Technology

Venezuela

BRAGHIERE, Renato

University of Reading

BRUNO, John

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

USA

CARTER, Peter

Climate Emergency Institute

Canada

CASEY, Michael

Carbon Virgin

Ireland

CHOI, Young-June

Seoul Metropolitan Government

Republic of Korea

COHEN, Stewart

Environment Canada

Canada

CONVERSI, Alessandra

National Research Council of Italy

Italy

DING, Yihui

National Climate Center, Meteorological Administration

China

DIXON, Tim

International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

(IEAGHG)

DONG, Wenjie

Bejing Normal University

China

EKHOLM, Tommi

Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)

Finland

ESASHI, Kei

The Federation of Electric Power Companies

Japan

FISCHLIN, Andreas

ETH Zurich

Switzerland

FITZSIMMONS, Jason

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)

GALE, David

Royal Institute of British Architects

HABERL, Helmut

Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz

Austria

HARNISCH, Jochen

KfW Bankengruppe

Germany

HOUSE, Joanna

Bristol University

JU, Hui

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science

China

KAINUMA, Mikiko

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Japan

141

Expert Reviewers Annex V

KATBEH BADER, Nedal

Environment Quality Authority

Palestine

KAZUNO, Hirofumi

The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

Japan

KHESHGI, Haroon

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company

USA

KOSONEN, Kaisa

Greenpeace

Finland

LEFFERTSTRA, Harold

Norwegian Environment Agency (retired)

Norway

LIU, Qiyong

National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention

China

LLASAT, Maria-Carmen

University of Barcelona

Spain

LYNN, Jonathan

IPCC Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

Switzerland

MA, Shiming

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

China

MASUDA, Kooiti

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Japan

MÉNDEZ, Carlos

Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientíﬁcas

Venezuela

MENZEL, Lena

Alfred Wegener Institute

Germany

MOJTAHED, Vahid

Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia

Italy

MOLINA, Tomas

Universitat de Barcelona

Spain

MURATA, Akihiko

Research and Development Center for Global Change

Japan

NDIONE, Jacques Andre

Centre de Suivi Ecologique

Senegal

OZDEMIR, Eray

General Directorate of Forestry

Turkey

PALTSEV, Sergey

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

USA

PLANTON, Serge

Météo-France

France

PLATTNER, Gian-Kasper

IPCC WGI Technical Support Unit

Switzerland

POLOCZANSKA, Elvira

Commonwealth Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO)

Australia

PORTER, John

University of Copenhagen

Denmark

POWER, Scott B.

Bureau of Meteorology

Australia

RAHOLIJAO, Nirivololona

National Meteorological Ofﬁce

Madagascar

RAMASWAMY, Venkatachalam

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

USA

RHEIN, Monika

University of Bremen

Germany

ROGNER, Hans-Holger

Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (retired)

Austria

SCHEI, Tormod Andre

Statkraft AS

Norway

142

Annex V Expert Reviewers

SCHLEUSSNER, Carl-Friedrich

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

Germany

SHINE, Keith

University of Reading

SOUTHWELL, Carl

Risk and Policy Institute

USA

STOTT, Peter A.

Met Ofﬁce Hadley Centre

SU, Mingshan

National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International

Cooperation

China

SUAREZ RODRIGUEZ, Avelino G.

Institute of Ecology and Systematics

Cuba

SUGIYAMA, Taishi

The Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI)

Japan

TAKAHASHI, Kiyoshi

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Japan

TAKASHI, Hongo

Mitsui Global Strategic Studies Institute

Japan

TAKEMURA, Toshihiko

Kyushu University

Japan

TATTERSHALL, David

USA

THORNE, Peter W.

Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC)

Norway

TOL, Richard

University of Sussex

TSUTSUI, Junichi

The Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI)

Japan

URGE-VORSATZ, Diana

Central European University

Hungary

WARD, Robert

London School of Economics (LSE)

WARREN, Rachel

University of East Anglia

WEIR, Tony

University of the South Paciﬁc

Australia

WRATT, David

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)

New Zealand

WU, Jian Guo

Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

China

WUEBBLES, Donald

University of Illinois

USA

XIA, Chaozong

China

YAMIN, Farhana

University College London (UCL)

YUTA, Sasaki

Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc.

Japan

ZHANG, Chengyi

National Climate Center

China

ZHANG, Guobin

State Forestry Administration (SFA)

China

ZHAO, Zong-Ci

China Meteorological Administration (CMA)

China

ZHOU, Guomo

Zhejiang A&F University

China

ZHU, Songli

Energy Research Institute

China

143

Publications by the

Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change

ANNEX

144

Annex VI Publications by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Assessment Reports

Fifth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis

Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change

Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report

A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis

Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change

Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report

A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Third Assessment Report

Climate Change 2001: The Scientiﬁc Basis

Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report

Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report

Climate Change 2001: Mitigation

Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report

Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report

Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Third Assessment

Report

Second Assessment Report

Climate Change 1995: Science of Climate Change

Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report

Climate Change 1995: Scientiﬁc-Technical Analyses of Impacts,

Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change

Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report

Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of

Climate Change

Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report

Climate Change 1995: Synthesis of Scientiﬁc-Technical Informa-

tion Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework

Convention on Climate Change

A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Supplementary Reports to the First Assessment Report

Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC

Scientiﬁc Assessment

Supplementary report of the IPCC Scientiﬁc Assessment Working

Group I

Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC

Impacts Assessment

Supplementary report of the IPCC Impacts Assessment Working Group II

Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments

IPCC First Assessment Report Overview and Policymaker Summaries

and 1992 IPCC Supplement

First Assessment Report

Climate Change: The Scientiﬁc Assessment

Report of the IPCC Scientiﬁc Assessment Working Group I, 1990

Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts Assessment

Report of the IPCC Impacts Assessment Working Group II, 1990

Climate Change: The IPCC Response Strategies

Report of the IPCC Response Strategies Working Group III, 1990

Special Reports

Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance

Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) 2012

Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

(SRREN) 2011

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage 2005

Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System:

Issues Related to Hydroﬂuorocarbons and Perﬂuorocarbons

(IPCC/TEAP joint report) 2005

Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry 2000

Emissions Scenarios 2000

Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer

2000

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere 1999

The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vul-

nerability 1997

145

Publications by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Annex VI

Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and

an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios 1994

Methodology Reports and Technical Guidelines

2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guid-

ance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (KP Supplement) 2014

2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (Wetlands Supplement)

2014

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

(5 Volumes) 2006

Deﬁnitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions

from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Deveg-

etation of Other Vegetation Types 2003

Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-use Change and For-

estry 2003

Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2000

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories (3 volumes) 1996

IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts

and Adaptations 1994

IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (3 vol-

umes) 1994

Preliminary Guidelines for Assessing Impacts of Climate Change

1992

Technical Papers

Climate Change and Water

IPCC Technical Paper VI, 2008

Climate Change and Biodiversity

IPCC Technical Paper V, 2002

Implications of Proposed CO

Emissions Limitations

IPCC Technical Paper IV, 1997

Stabilization of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: Physical, Bio-

logical and Socio-Economic Implications

IPCC Technical Paper III, 1997

An Introduction to Simple Climate Models Used in the IPCC

Second Assessment Report

IPCC Technical Paper II, 1997

Technologies, Policies and Measures for Mitigating Climate

Change

IPCC Technical Paper I, 1996

For a list of Supporting Material published by the IPCC

(workshop and meeting reports), please see www.ipcc.ch

or contact the IPCC Secretariat, c/o World Meteorological

Organization, 7 bis Avenue de la Paix, Case Postale 2300,

Ch-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland

147

Index

148

Index

Note: An asterisk (*) indicates the term also

appears in the Glossary. Page numbers in bold

indicate page spans for the four Topics. Page num-

bers in italics denote figures, tables and boxed

material.

Abrupt climate change*, 13, 16, 65, 73-74

Adaptation*, 17-31, 76-112

approaches, variety of, 27, 94, 95, 96

characteristics of, 19-20, 79-81

co-benefits, 17, 20, 26, 80-81, 90, 91, 98

cooperative action in, 17, 26, 29, 76, 94, 102, 105,

106

emissions reductions and, 17, 76

enabling factors and constraints, 19-20, 26, 80,

94, 95, 111

equity and fairness in, 17, 76-77, 95

finance, 30-31, 97, 107, 110-111, 110-111

first step in, 19, 80

funding gap, 31, 111

future pathways, 17-26, 76-91

interactions with mitigation, 17-18, 20, 26, 76, 77,

80-81, 90, 98, 112

maladaptation, 20, 77, 80

near-term decisions, 77, 79

place- and context-specificity of, 79-80

planning and implementation, 19-20, 26, 29-30,

31, 54, 80, 94, 95-97, 96, 98, 106, 107, 112

policy approaches for, 26, 29-31, 94, 96, 102-111

risk management/reduction by, 14, 17-19, 18,

65-67, 65, 70-71, 76, 77-79, 79, 94, 108

risks/side effects of, 17, 76, 91

risks compared with risks from climate change,

17, 19, 77

sustainable development and, 17, 19, 31, 76, 79,

transformation and, 20, 27, 76, 80, 96

Adaptation deficit*, 91, 95

Adaptation experience, 26, 54, 106-107, 106

Adaptation limits*, 19-20, 72, 79

exceedance of, 20, 67, 77, 80

Adaptation options, 26, 27, 76, 94, 95-98, 96

by sectors, 95-97, 98

Adaptation pathways, 17-26, 76-91

characteristics of, 19-20, 79-81

Adaptation potentials, 65, 70-71

Adaptive capacity*, 26, 77, 80, 94

Aerosols, 44, 90

Afforestation*, 28, 29, 81, 102, 112

AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land

Use)*, 28, 30, 101, 104, 108

Agriculture, 16, 29, 69, 81, 98, 102